A manifesto is a public declaration of principles and intentions, often political Politics is a process by which groups of people make collective decisions. The term is generally applied to behavior within civil governments, but politics has been observed in other group interactions, including corporate, academic, and religious institutions. It consists of "social relations involving authority or power" and refers to in nature. Manifestos relating to religious belief Religious belief refers to a mental state in which faith is placed in a creed related to the supernatural, sacred, or divine. Such a state may relate to: 1 the existence, characteristics and worship of a deity or deities; 2 divine intervention in the universe and human life; or 3 values and practices centered on the teachings of a spiritual leader are generally referred to as a creed A creed is a statement of belief—usually religious belief or faith—often recited as part of a religious service. The word derives from the Latin: credo for "I believe" . A creed is sometimes referred to as a symbol (Greek: σύμβολο[ν], sýmbolo[n]), signifying a "token" by which persons of like beliefs might. Manifestos may also be life stance A person's life stance or lifestance is their relation with what they accept as being of ultimate importance, the presuppositions and theory of this, and the commitments and practice of working it out in living-related.

Etymology

Manifesto is derived from the Italian Italian ( italiano , or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken as a native language by about 62 million people in Italy, San Marino and parts of Switzerland, Croatia, Slovenia and France. It is spoken as a first language by many Italian citizens and immigrants abroad, for a total of approximately 70 million native speakers. In addition, it word manifesto, itself derived from the Latin Latin or sometimes Roman is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Although often considered a dead language, in view of the fact that it has no native, fluent speakers, Latin continues to be taught in schools and has been, and currently is, used in the process of new word production in modern languages from many manifestum, meaning clear or conspicuous. Its first recorded use in English is from 1620, in Nathaniel Brent's translation of Paolo Sarpi's History of the council of Trent: "To this citation he made answer by a Manifesto" (p 102). Similarly, "They were so farre surprized with his Manifesto, that they would never suffer it to be published" (p 103)^[1]

Electoral manifestos

In some parliamentary democracies A parliamentary system is a system of government in which the ministers of the executive branch are drawn from the legislature and are accountable to that body, such that the executive and legislative branches are intertwined. In such a system, the head of government is both de facto chief executive and chief legislator, political parties prepare electoral manifestos which set out both their strategic direction and outlines of prospective legislation should they win sufficient support in an election to serve in government. Legislative proposals which are featured in the manifesto of a party which has won an election are often regarded as having superior legitimacy to other measures which a governing party may introduce for consideration by the legislature. Although, in recent decades the status of electoral manifestos has diminished somewhat due to a significant tendency for winning parties to, ignore, indefinitely delay, or even outright reject manifesto policies which were popular with the public upon taking office.

An alternative term, used especially in North America North America is the northern continent of the Americas, situated in the Earth's northern hemisphere and in the western hemisphere. It is bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the southeast by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west by the North Pacific Ocean; South America lies to the southeast, is party platform A party platform, also known as a manifesto, is a list of the actions which a political party supports in order to appeal to the general public for the purpose of having said party's candidates voted into office. This often takes the form of a list of support for, or opposition to, controversial topics. Individual topics are often called planks of.

Notable manifestos

Political

Examples of notable manifestos:

• The Act of Abjuration The Act of Abjuration or Plakkaat van Verlatinghe, signed on July 26, 1581, was the formal declaration of independence of the Dutch Low Countries from the Spanish king, Philip II. This act followed the Union of Utrecht (1581)
• The United States Declaration of Independence The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were now independent states, and thus no longer a part of the British Empire. Written primarily by Thomas Jefferson, the Declaration is a formal (1776)
• The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen is a fundamental document of the French Revolution, defining the individual and collective rights of all the estates of the realm as universal. Influenced by the doctrine of natural rights, the rights of Man are universal: valid at all times and in every place, pertaining to human nature (1789) during the French Revolution The French Revolution was a period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years. French society underwent an epic transformation as feudal, aristocratic, and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from liberal political
• The Cartagena Manifesto (1812), by Simón Bolívar Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco, commonly known as Simón Bolívar was a South American political leader. Together with José de San Martín, he played a key role in Latin America's successful struggle for independence from Spain
• The Tamworth Manifesto The Tamworth Manifesto was a political manifesto issued by Sir Robert Peel in 1834 in Tamworth, which is widely credited by historians as having laid down the principles upon which the modern British Conservative Party is based issued in 1834 by Sir Robert Peel Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet was the Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 10 December 1834 to 8 April 1835, and again from 30 August 1841 to 29 June 1846. He helped create the modern concept of the police force (leading to officers being known as "bobbies", in England, or Peelers, in Ireland, to this day) while Home
• The Declaration of Sentiments The Declaration of Sentiments, also known as the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments, is a document signed in 1848 by 68 women and 32 men, 100 out of some 300 attendees at the first women's rights convention, in Seneca Falls, New York, now known as the Seneca Falls Convention. The principal author of the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments was (1848)
• The Communist Manifesto Manifesto of the Communist Party , often referred to as The Communist Manifesto, was published on February 21, 1848, and is one of the world's most influential political manuscripts. Commissioned by the Communist League and written by communist theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, it laid out the League's purposes and program. It presents an (1848), by Karl Marx Karl Heinrich Marx was a German philosopher, self-taught political economist, historian, political theorist, sociologist, communist, and revolutionary, whose ideas played a significant role in the development of modern communism and socialism. Marx summarized his approach in the first line of chapter one of The Communist Manifesto, published in 184 and Friedrich Engels Friedrich Engels was a German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of communist theory, alongside Karl Marx. Together they produced The Communist Manifesto in 1848. Engels also edited the second and third volumes of Das Kapital after Marx's death
• The Anarchist Manifesto (1850), by Anselme Bellegarrigue Anselme Bellegarrigue was a French individualist anarchist, born between 1820 and 1825 in Toulouse and presumed dead around the end of the 19th century in Central America. He participated in the French Revolution of 1848, was author and editor of Anarchie, Journal de l'Ordre and Au fait ! Au fait ! Interprétation de l'idée démocratique.
• The Humanist Manifesto Humanist Manifesto is the title of three manifestos laying out a Humanist worldview. They are the original Humanist Manifesto , the Humanist Manifesto II (1973), and Humanism and Its Aspirations (2003, a.k.a. Humanist Manifesto III). The Manifesto originally arose from religious Humanism, though secular Humanists also signed I, II and III
• The 1890 Manifesto The "1890 Manifesto", sometimes simply called "The Manifesto", is a statement which officially disavowed the continuing practice of plural marriage in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints . Signed by church president Wilford Woodruff in September 1890, the Manifesto was a response to mounting anti-polygamy pressure dealing with plural marriage Polygamy was a defining characteristic of early Mormonism, and continues to be the defining characteristic of Mormon fundamentalism. The practice of polygamy was instituted in the 1830s by founder Joseph Smith, Jr., and was a contributing factor leading to his 1844 assassination. It was also a factor in the 1857 invasion of Utah by the United, issued by Wilford Woodruff Wilford Woodruff, Sr. was the fourth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1889 until his death. Woodruff's large collection of diaries provide an important record of Latter Day Saint history as president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a restorationist Christian church, and the largest denomination originating from the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith, Jr. Founded in Upstate New York in 1830, the church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations (called wards or branches).
• The Second Manifesto The "Second Manifesto" was a 1904 declaration made by Joseph F. Smith, the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, in which Smith confirmed that the church was opposed to plural marriage and set down the principle that those entering into or solemnizing plural marriages would be excommunicated from the church dealing with plural marriage, issued by Joseph F. Smith as president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
• The October Manifesto The October Manifesto was issued on October 17, 1905 (October 30 in the Gregorian calendar) by Tsar Nicholas II of Russia under the influence of Count Sergei Witte as a response to the Russian Revolution of 1905 (1905) issued by Nicholas II Nicholas II (18 May [O.S. 6 May] 1868 – 17 July 1918) was the last Emperor of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and titular King of Poland. His official title was Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias and he is currently regarded as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church, in an effort to cease the 1905 Russian Revolution The 1905 Russian Revolution was a wave of mass political unrest through vast areas of the Russian Empire. Some of it was directed against the government, while some was undirected. It included terrorism, worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies. It led to the establishment of the limited constitutional monarchy, the State Duma of the
• The Manifesto of the Sixteen The Manifesto of the Sixteen , or Proclamation of the Sixteen, was a document drafted in 1916 by eminent anarchists Peter Kropotkin and Jean Grave which advocated an Allied victory over Germany and the Central Powers during the First World War. At the outbreak of the war, Kropotkin and other anarchist supporters of the Allied cause advocated their (1916)
• The Urmia Manifesto of the United Free Assyria, (1917) by Dr. Freydun Atturaya
• The Liminar Manifesto in the Argentine University Revolution (1918)
• The Amasya Circular (1919)
• The Fascist manifesto The Manifesto of the Fascist Struggle was the initial declaration of the political stance of the founders of Italian Fascism (1919), by Fasci di Combattimento
• The Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals (1925), by Benedetto Croce Benedetto Croce was an Italian critic, idealist philosopher, and occasionally also a politician. He wrote on numerous topics, including philosophy, history, methodology of history writing and aesthetics, and was a prominent liberal, although he opposed laissez-faire free trade. His influence on Antonio Gramsci is quite notable
• Mein Kampf Mein Kampf, English: My Struggle, is a book by Adolf Hitler. It combines elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitler's political ideology. Volume 1 of Mein Kampf was published in 1925 and Volume 2 in 1926. The book was edited by Jesuit priest Bernard Staempfle who later perished during the Night of the Long Knives (My Struggle) (1925), by Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, abbreviated NSDAP), commonly known as the Nazi Party. He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and, after 1934, also head of state as Führer und Reichskanzler, ruling the
• The Cannibal Manifesto (1928), by Oswald de Andrade
• I'll Take my Stand (1930), the manifesto of the Southern Agrarians The Southern Agrarians were a group of twelve American writers, poets, essayists, and novelists, all with roots in the Southern United States, who joined together to write a pro-Southern agrarian manifesto, a collection of essays published in 1930 entitled I'll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition (ISBN 080713208X)
• The Regina Manifesto (1933), by the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (French: Fédération du commonwealth coopératif, then Parti social démocratique du Canada) was a Canadian political party founded in 1932 in Calgary, Alberta, by a number of socialist, farm, co-operative and labour groups, and the League for Social Reconstruction. In 1944, it became the first socialist
• A Christian Manifesto (1934) by Edwin Lewis
• The PKWN manifesto (1944), by Polish Committee of National Liberation The Polish Committee of National Liberation , also known as the Lublin Committee, was a provisional government of Poland, officially proclaimed 21 July 1944 in Chełm under the direction of State National Council (Krajowa Rada Narodowa, or KRN) in opposition to the Polish government in exile. It exercised control over Polish territory re-taken
• The Oxford Manifesto (1947) describing the basic principles of Liberal International Liberal International is a political international for liberal parties. Its headquarters are located at 1 Whitehall Place, London, SW1A 2HD within the National Liberal Club. It was founded in Oxford in 1947, and has become the pre-eminent network for liberal parties and for the strengthening of liberalism around the world. The Oxford Manifesto
• The Objectives Resolution of Pakistan The Objectives Resolution was a resolution adopted on 12 March 1949 by the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. The resolution, proposed by the Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, proclaimed that the future constitution of Pakistan would not be modelled entirely on a European pattern, but on the ideology and democratic faith of Islam (1949), by Liaquat Ali Khan Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan (Punjabi, Urdu: لیاقت علی خان) listen (help·info) (2 October 1896 – 16 October 1951) was a Pakistani politician who became the first Prime Minister of Pakistan and Defence Minister. He was also the first Finance Minister of India. Liaquat rose to political prominence as a member of the All India Muslim
• The Russell-Einstein Manifesto The Russell–Einstein Manifesto was issued in London on July 9, 1955 by Bertrand Russell in the midst of the Cold War. It highlighted the dangers posed by nuclear weapons and called for world leaders to seek peaceful resolutions to international conflict. The signatories included eleven pre-eminent intellectuals and scientists, most notably, (1955), against nuclear weapons A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Both reactions release vast quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter; a modern thermonuclear weapon weighing little more than a thousand kilograms can produce an explosion and war War is a behaviour pattern exhibited by many primate species including humans, and also found in many ant species. The primary feature of this behaviour pattern is a certain state of organized violent conflict that is engaged in between two or more separate social entities. Such a conflict is always an attempt at altering either the psychological
• The Southern Manifesto The Southern Manifesto was a document written in February-March 1956 by legislators in the United States Congress opposed to racial integration in public places. The manifesto was signed by 101 politicians from Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. The document (1956), opposing the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 , was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students and denying black children equal educational opportunities unconstitutional. The decision overturned earlier rulings going back to Plessy v
• Report on the Construction of Situations (1957), by Guy Debord Guy Ernest Debord was a French Marxist theorist, writer, filmmaker, hypergraphist and founding member of the groups Lettrist International and Situationist International (SI). He was also briefly a member of Socialisme ou Barbarie
• 'The Capitalist Manifesto (1958), proposing the Democratization of Capital, including employee and citizen's ownership by Louis Kelso and Mortimer Adler Mortimer Jerome Adler was an American philosopher, educator, and popular author. As a philosopher he worked within the Aristotelian and Thomistic traditions. He lived for the longest stretches in New York City, Chicago, San Francisco, and San Mateo. He worked for Columbia University, the University of Chicago, Encyclopædia Britannica, and Adler's (see Binary Economics Binary economics is a heterodox theory of economics that endorses both private property and a free market but proposes significant reforms to the banking system. The aim of binary economics is to ensure that all individuals receive income from their own independent capital estate, using interest-free loans issued by a central bank to promote the')
• The Manifesto of the 121 against the Algerian War The Algerian War, or in French: Guerre d'Algérie, was a conflict between France and Algerian independence movements from 1954 to 1962, which led to Algeria gaining its independence from France. An important decolonization war, it was a complex conflict characterized by guerrilla warfare, maquis fighting, terrorism against civilians, use of
• The Sharon Statement (1960), by M. Stanton Evans et al. (Young Americans for Freedom)
• The Port Huron Statement (1962), by Tom Hayden et al.
• The SCUM Manifesto (1968), by Valerie Solanas
• For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto (1973), by Murray Rothbard
• New Libertarian Manifesto (1980), by Samuel Edward Konkin III
• A Christian Manifesto (1982), by Francis Schaeffer
• Manifesto against conscription and the military system (1993) by Christian Bartolf (Gandhi Information Center)
• The Contract with America (1994), by the Republican candidates for the House of Representatives
• Industrial Society and Its Future a.k.a. The Unabomber's Manifesto (1995) by Unabomber, Theodore Kaczynski
• The Hedonistic Imperative by David Pearce
• The Libre Manifesto, by the Libre Society
• Life on Earth (2002) by Luke Helder
• The Free Culture Manifesto (2004), by FreeCulture.org
• Manifesto on Freedom and Democracy for Vietnam (2006) by Bloc 8406
• The Euston Manifesto (2006) by Euston Manifesto Group
• The Revolution: A Manifesto (2008), by Ron Paul
• A manifesto by Cho Seung-hui (2007)
• A manifesto by Andrew Joseph Stack III, who flew his plane into an Austin, TX building housing an IRS field office (2010)

Artistic

• The Futurist Manifesto (1909), by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
• The Art of Noises (1913), by Luigi Russolo
• The Dada Manifesto (1918), by Tristan Tzara
• The Surrealist Manifesto (1924), by André Breton
• The Symbolist Manifesto (1886), by Jean Moreas
• Cyberfeminist Manifesto (1991) by VNS Matrix
• Dogma 95 (1995) by Lars von Trier, Thomas Vinterberg, Kristian Levring and Søren Kragh-Jacobsen
• Manifesto of Transdisciplinarity (1996) by Basarab Nicolescu
• 100 Anti-Theses of Cyberfeminism (1997) by Old Boys' Network
• Minnesota declaration: truth and fact in documentary cinema (1999), by Werner Herzog
• First Things First 2000 manifesto: Ethics and social responsibility in graphic design (1999), by Kalle Lasn & Chris Dixon with Ken Garland. Edited by Rick Poynor
• BLAST the Vorticist manifesto, by Wyndham Lewis
• The Anti-News Manifesto (2005), by Scott Ryan
• Manifesto of Amateurism (2006) by Anton Krueger [1]
• The Remodernist Film Manifesto 2008 by Jesse Richards

Technology

• A Cyborg Manifesto (1985), by Donna Haraway
• The GNU Manifesto (1985), by Richard Stallman, an explanation and definition of the goals of the GNU Project
• Industrial Society and Its Future, otherwise known as the Unabomber Manifesto (1995), By Ted Kaczynski
• The Hacker's Manifesto (1986), by The Mentor aka Loyd Blankenship
• Pluginmanifesto by Ana Kronschnabl, a Web film statement
• Cyberfeminist Manifesto (1991) by VNS Matrix
• 100 Anti-Theses of Cyberfeminism (1997) by Old Boys' Network
• The Cathedral and the Bazaar (1997), by Eric S. Raymond
• The Cluetrain Manifesto (1999) by Rick Levine, Christopher Locke, Doc Searls and David Weinberger
• The Hacktivismo Declaration (2001) by Oxblood Ruffin (Hacktivismo)
• The Agile Manifesto (2001) by 17 software professionals
• The Third Manifesto (1995), by Christopher J. Date and Hugh Darwen, a proposal for relational database management system
• Monad Manifesto - The Origin of Windows Powershell (2002) by Jeffrey P. Snover
• You Are Not A Gadget: A Manifesto (2010), by Jaron Lanier
• The Mozilla Manifesto, by Mozilla community
• The Debian Manifesto (1993), by Ian Murdock

See also

• Art manifesto
• Election promise
• Government platform
• Party line (politics)
• Party platform

External links

• Manifestos.net
• An archive of Labour electoral manifestos from 1900-present
• An archive of Conservative electoral manifestos from 1900-present
• An archive of Liberal/SDP/Liberal Democrat electoral manifestos from 1900-present
• 2010 Conservative Manifesto
• 2010 Labour Manifesto
• 2010 Liberal Democrat Manifesto

References

1. ^ Oxford English Dictionary

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